Articles
ASCENDING SENSORY PATHWAYS
A 60-year-old woman complains of falls, imbalance, and numbness and tingling in her hands and legs. There is also some incoordination of hand use and she has difficulty manipulating small items such as buttons.
USE OF X AND II LINES. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM AND HOW DOES IT WORK?
More and more practitioners are beginning to use X and II lines in their practice to assess the stretch reflex using Manual Muscle Testing.
NEUROLOGIAL MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING
The interconnection between stimuli from the external and internal environment along with different physiological reflexes has been widely described by many physiologists of the past. Great Russian physiologist, Dr. Pavlov, described many examples where different stimuli caused musculocutaneous or visceral reflexes.
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PAIN
Nociceptor inputs can trigger a prolonged but reversible increase in the excitability and synaptic efficacy of neurons in central nociceptive pathways, the phenomenon of central sensitization.